It’s been a very good year for Stéphane Bancel. On a crisp October day, the CEO of Moderna, of COVID-vaccine fame, is sitting in his glass-walled office in the company’s headquarters in Cambridge, Mass., weeks before encouraging results from the company’s first mRNA cancer vaccine would become public. He’s recounting the biotech’s rocky road turning an unproven, scientifically dismissed approach—using messenger RNA, or mRNA, the genetic code that instructs cells to make proteins—into a platform for producing new categories of medicines.

Fifteen years ago, Bancel had his doubts. At the time, there were no approved mRNA-based products on the…

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